Nonverbal communication is characterized as communication that occurs without the use of words and instead relies on cues and gestures. DePaulo and Friedman (1998) defined non-verbal communication
as "nonverbal communication is the dynamic, mostly a face-to-face exchange
of information through cues other than words". Although nonverbal
communication is a universal phenomenon, the meanings of nonverbal cues and
gestures are not universal and they do vary across cultures and are often
ambiguous. Nonverbal communication includes body language, facial expression,
touch, eye contact, gestures, posture, proxemics, and paralanguage features as
well.
Nonverbal communication is very important to understand the culture. According to research, more than 50% of communication is nonverbal communication. In an intercultural setting, successful interaction depends not only upon the understanding of the verbal message but also equally on nonverbal as well.
Nonverbal communication has a variety of characteristics, including being less structured than verbal communication, being culture-bound, and being unclear. Every culture has different meanings for the same cues and gestures. For example, in Pakistani culture, prolonged eye contact or gazing at girls or women often represents a disrespectful act, and avoiding eye contact is a sign of respect. However, Latin and North America consider eye contact as important for conveying equality among individuals.
Gestures are forms of nonverbal communication, and the meanings of some gestures vary across cultures. For example, in English-speaking countries, the "OK" sign with the hand usually conveys a positive message, but in countries such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil, "OK" is considered an offensive act.
Touch is also a form of nonverbal communication and touch patterns are
different in different cultures. For example, in America, a firm handshake is
considered appropriate to greet a stranger or other business professional,
but in France, it is common to kiss someone you greet on both cheeks.
Similarly, posture can convey power structures, attitudes, and levels of
civility. For example, in America, standing with hands on the hips may suggest
power or pride, but in Argentina, it may suggest anger or a challenge.
Misinterpreting the meanings of cues can cause misunderstanding and thus it is
important to understand the non-verbal cues of another culture.
Any intercultural interaction will be affected by an individual's ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is "the belief that one's culture is superior to another's culture". Individuals who have high ethnocentrism will experience the largest communication barriers with those who are different from them.
Learning about a culture's nonverbal communication pattern can reveal one's own ethnocentrism and prejudice toward other cultures.
Hence, the study of non-verbal communication is of excessive
importance as it removes barriers to understanding other cultures, such as
ethnocentrism, prejudice, subjectivity, generalization, and stereotypes about
other cultures and it also creates strong understanding, flexibility, and
tolerance.
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